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      <span class="projinfo">Babel 0.9.6</span>
      <a href="index.html">Documentation Index</a>
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<h1 class="title">Date Formatting</h1>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pattern-syntax" id="id1">1   Pattern Syntax</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#date-fields" id="id2">1.1   Date Fields</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#time-fields" id="id3">1.2   Time Fields</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#time-zone-support" id="id4">2   Time-zone Support</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#localized-time-zone-names" id="id5">2.1   Localized Time-zone Names</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-dates" id="id6">3   Parsing Dates</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>When working with date and time information in Python, you commonly use the
classes <tt class="docutils literal">date</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">datetime</tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal">time</tt> from the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/lib/module-datetime.html">datetime</a> package.
Babel provides functions for locale-specific formatting of those objects in its
<tt class="docutils literal">dates</tt> module:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 20)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from datetime import date, datetime, time
    &gt;&gt;&gt; from babel.dates import format_date, format_datetime, format_time

    &gt;&gt;&gt; d = date(2007, 4, 1)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, locale='en')
    u'Apr 1, 2007'
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, locale='de_DE')
    u'01.04.2007'

</pre>
</div>
<p>As this example demonstrates, Babel will automatically choose a date format
that is appropriate for the requested locale.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">format_*()</span></tt> functions also accept an optional <tt class="docutils literal">format</tt> argument, which
allows you to choose between one of four format variations:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal">short</tt>,</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal">medium</tt> (the default),</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal">long</tt>, and</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal">full</tt>.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 44)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, format='short', locale='en')
    u'4/1/07'
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, format='long', locale='en')
    u'April 1, 2007'
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, format='full', locale='en')
    u'Sunday, April 1, 2007'


</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pattern-syntax">
<h1>1   Pattern Syntax</h1>
<p>While Babel makes it simple to use the appropriate date/time format for a given
locale, you can also force it to use custom patterns. Note that Babel uses
different patterns for specifying number and date formats compared to the
Python equivalents (such as <tt class="docutils literal">time.strftime()</tt>), which have mostly been
inherited from C and POSIX. The patterns used in Babel are based on the
<a class="reference external" href="http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Date_Format_Patterns">Locale Data Markup Language specification</a> (LDML), which defines them as
follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A date/time pattern is a string of characters, where specific strings of
characters are replaced with date and time data from a calendar when formatting
or used to generate data for a calendar when parsing. […]</p>
<p>Characters may be used multiple times. For example, if <tt class="docutils literal">y</tt> is used for the
year, <tt class="docutils literal">yy</tt> might produce "99", whereas <tt class="docutils literal">yyyy</tt> produces "1999". For most
numerical fields, the number of characters specifies the field width. For
example, if <tt class="docutils literal">h</tt> is the hour, <tt class="docutils literal">h</tt> might produce "5", but <tt class="docutils literal">hh</tt> produces
"05". For some characters, the count specifies whether an abbreviated or full
form should be used […]</p>
<p>Two single quotes represent a literal single quote, either inside or outside
single quotes. Text within single quotes is not interpreted in any way (except
for two adjacent single quotes).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 82)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; d = date(2007, 4, 1)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, "EEE, MMM d, ''yy", locale='en')
    u"Sun, Apr 1, '07"
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_date(d, "EEEE, d.M.yyyy", locale='de')
    u'Sonntag, 1.4.2007'

    &gt;&gt;&gt; t = time(15, 30)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_time(t, "hh 'o''clock' a", locale='en')
    u"03 o'clock PM"
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_time(t, 'H:mm a', locale='de')
    u'15:30 nachm.'

    &gt;&gt;&gt; dt = datetime(2007, 4, 1, 15, 30)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_datetime(dt, "yyyyy.MMMM.dd GGG hh:mm a", locale='en')
    u'02007.April.01 AD 03:30 PM'

</pre>
</div>
<p>The syntax for custom datetime format patterns is described in detail in the
the <a class="reference external" href="http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Date_Format_Patterns">Locale Data Markup Language specification</a>. The following table is just a
relatively brief overview.</p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="section" id="date-fields">
<h2>1.1   Date Fields</h2>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%">
<col width="11%">
<col width="76%">
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Field</th>
<th class="head">Symbol</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>Era</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">G</tt></td>
<td>Replaced with the era string for the current date. One
to three letters for the abbreviated form, four
lettersfor the long form, five for the narrow form</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Year</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">y</tt></td>
<td>Replaced by the year. Normally the length specifies
the padding, but for two letters it also specifies the
maximum length.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">Y</tt></td>
<td>Same as <tt class="docutils literal">y</tt> but uses the ISO year-week calendar.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">u</tt></td>
<td>??</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Quarter</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">Q</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for the numerical quarter, three for
the abbreviation, or four for the full name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">q</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for the numerical quarter, three for
the abbreviation, or four for the full name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Month</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">M</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for the numerical month, three for the
abbreviation, or four for the full name, or five for
the narrow name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">L</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for the numerical month, three for the
abbreviation, or four for the full name, or 5 for the
narrow name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Week</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">w</tt></td>
<td>Week of year.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">W</tt></td>
<td>Week of month.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4">Day</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">d</tt></td>
<td>Day of month.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">D</tt></td>
<td>Day of year.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">F</tt></td>
<td>Day of week in month.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">g</tt></td>
<td>??</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Week day</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">E</tt></td>
<td>Day of week. Use one through three letters for the
short day, or four for the full name, or five for the
narrow name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">e</tt></td>
<td>Local day of week. Same as E except adds a numeric
value that will depend on the local starting day of
the week, using one or two letters.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">c</tt></td>
<td>??</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="time-fields">
<h2>1.2   Time Fields</h2>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%">
<col width="11%">
<col width="76%">
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Field</th>
<th class="head">Symbol</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>Period</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">a</tt></td>
<td>AM or PM</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4">Hour</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">h</tt></td>
<td>Hour [1-12].</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">H</tt></td>
<td>Hour [0-23].</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">K</tt></td>
<td>Hour [0-11].</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">k</tt></td>
<td>Hour [1-24].</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Minute</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">m</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for zero places padding.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Second</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">s</tt></td>
<td>Use one or two for zero places padding.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">S</tt></td>
<td>Fractional second, rounds to the count of letters.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">A</tt></td>
<td>Milliseconds in day.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4">Timezone</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">z</tt></td>
<td>Use one to three letters for the short timezone or
four for the full name.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">Z</tt></td>
<td>Use one to three letters for RFC 822, four letters for
GMT format.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">v</tt></td>
<td>Use one letter for short wall (generic) time, four for
long wall time.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">V</tt></td>
<td>Same as <tt class="docutils literal">z</tt>, except that timezone abbreviations
should be used regardless of whether they are in
common use by the locale.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="time-zone-support">
<h1>2   Time-zone Support</h1>
<p>Many of the verbose time formats include the time-zone, but time-zone
information is not by default available for the Python <tt class="docutils literal">datetime</tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal">time</tt> objects. The standard library includes only the abstract <tt class="docutils literal">tzinfo</tt>
class, which you need appropriate implementations for to actually use in your
application. Babel includes a <tt class="docutils literal">tzinfo</tt> implementation for UTC (Universal
Time).</p>
<p>For real time-zone support, it is strongly recommended that you use the
third-party package <a class="reference external" href="http://pytz.sourceforge.net/">pytz</a>, which includes the definitions of practically all
of the time-zones used on the world, as well as important functions for
reliably converting from UTC to local time, and vice versa:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 215)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from datetime import time
    &gt;&gt;&gt; from pytz import timezone, utc
    &gt;&gt;&gt; dt = datetime(2007, 04, 01, 15, 30, tzinfo=utc)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; eastern = timezone('US/Eastern')
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_datetime(dt, 'H:mm Z', tzinfo=eastern, locale='en_US')
    u'11:30 -0400'

</pre>
</div>
<p>The recommended approach to deal with different time-zones in a Python
application is to always use UTC internally, and only convert from/to the users
time-zone when accepting user input and displaying date/time data, respectively.
You can use Babel together with <tt class="docutils literal">pytz</tt> to apply a time-zone to any
<tt class="docutils literal">datetime</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">time</tt> object for display, leaving the original information
unchanged:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 231)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; british = timezone('Europe/London')
    &gt;&gt;&gt; format_datetime(dt, 'H:mm zzzz', tzinfo=british, locale='en_US')
    u'16:30 British Summer Time'

</pre>
</div>
<p>Here, the given UTC time is adjusted to the "Europe/London" time-zone, and
daylight savings time is taken into account. Daylight savings time is also
applied to <tt class="docutils literal">format_time</tt>, but because the actual date is unknown in that
case, the current day is assumed to determine whether DST or standard time
should be used.</p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="section" id="localized-time-zone-names">
<h2>2.1   Localized Time-zone Names</h2>
<p>While the <tt class="docutils literal">Locale</tt> class provides access to various locale display names
related to time-zones, the process of building a localized name of a time-zone
is actually quite complicated. Babel implements it in separately usable
functions in the <tt class="docutils literal">babel.dates</tt> module, most importantly the
<tt class="docutils literal">get_timezone_name</tt> function:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 255)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from pytz import timezone
    &gt;&gt;&gt; from babel import Locale
    &gt;&gt;&gt; from babel.dates import get_timezone_name

    &gt;&gt;&gt; tz = timezone('Europe/Berlin')
    &gt;&gt;&gt; get_timezone_name(tz, locale=Locale.parse('pt_PT'))
    u'Hor\xe1rio Alemanha'

</pre>
</div>
<p>You can pass the function either a <tt class="docutils literal">datetime.tzinfo</tt> object, or a
<tt class="docutils literal">datetime.date</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">datetime.datetime</tt> object. If you pass an actual date,
the function will be able to take daylight savings time into account. If you
pass just the time-zone, Babel does not know whether daylight savings time is
in effect, so it uses a generic representation, which is useful for example to
display a list of time-zones to the user.</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 272)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from datetime import datetime

    &gt;&gt;&gt; dt = tz.localize(datetime(2007, 8, 15))
    &gt;&gt;&gt; get_timezone_name(dt, locale=Locale.parse('de_DE'))
    u'Mitteleurop\xe4ische Sommerzeit'
    &gt;&gt;&gt; get_timezone_name(tz, locale=Locale.parse('de_DE'))
    u'Deutschland'


</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="parsing-dates">
<h1>3   Parsing Dates</h1>
<p>Babel can also parse date and time information in a locale-sensitive manner:</p>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">doc/dates.txt</tt>, line 288)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type "code-block".</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. code-block:: pycon

    &gt;&gt;&gt; from babel.dates import parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_time

</pre>
</div>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Date/time parsing is not properly implemented yet</p>
</div>
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